{"id":959,"date":"2022-10-01T15:17:10","date_gmt":"2022-10-01T09:47:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/?p=959"},"modified":"2025-10-22T14:53:54","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T09:23:54","slug":"comparison-of-programming-languages-c-c-java-python-r-rust-scala-c-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2022\/10\/comparison-of-programming-languages-c-c-java-python-r-rust-scala-c-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparison of Programming Languages C, C++, Java, Python, R, Rust, Scala &#038; C# &#8211; Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Part 1 of a series on comparison between programming languages: C, C++, Java, Python, R, Rust, Scala &amp; C# compiled from WIKIPEDIA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Invented in 1970s<\/li><li>Used widely in operating systems and driver programming<\/li><li>Imperative, procedural, compiled and structured with low level access to memory<\/li><li>Cross platform capability<\/li><li>Has had influence on C++, Java, C# and other languages<\/li><li>Concepts: Functions, Data Structures, Input Output, Pointers, Run-Time polymorphism, Recursions, Static data types<\/li><li>Limited keywords<\/li><li>Directly compiles to machine instructions<\/li><li>Static, automatic &amp; dynamic memory allocation possible<\/li><li>Runtime problems can happen in memory and other areas<\/li><li>No support for object orientation &amp; functional programming<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C++:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>C with classes, extension of C<\/li><li>Support for object oriented, generics &amp; functional programming<\/li><li>Compiled &amp; low level memory access<\/li><li>Systems programming, embedded systems, games, servers and more<\/li><li>Standardized by ISO<\/li><li>Inherits &amp; builds on top of most of the syntax of C<\/li><li>Static, automatic, thread &amp; dynamic memory management<\/li><li>Templates with implementation of generics concept is possible<\/li><li>Operator overloading<\/li><li>Compile time &amp; runtime polymorphism possible<\/li><li>Support for lambda expressions<\/li><li>Enum data type<\/li><li>Core &amp; standard library with multi-threading, regular expressions, smart pointers<\/li><li>STL &#8211; Standard template library<\/li><li>Criticism: Overtly complex<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Java:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>General purpose, high level, object oriented, write once run anywhere<\/li><li>Java -&gt; ByteCode -&gt; JVM<\/li><li>Automatic memory management &amp; garbage collection<\/li><li>Generics, Spring, Functional, JavaEE, Scala, Kotlin and many other projects have come out from Java<\/li><li>Mostly used for application programming<\/li><li>Used in Android and as a base for many other frameworks &amp; programming langauges<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Python:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>High level, general purpose<\/li><li>Focusses on code readability &amp; uses concepts like indentation<\/li><li>Automatic memory management<\/li><li>Features from structured, object oriented &amp; functional programming<\/li><li>Large ecosystem of libraries<\/li><li>Used in machine learning, web development and many areas of data science<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Focussed on statistics &amp; graphics<\/li><li>Interpreted, features from procedural &amp; object oriented<\/li><li>Large ecosystem of libraries \/ packages<\/li><li>Commercial options available<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RUST:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Focussed on systems programming &amp; being looked as a replacement for C &amp; C++ by many<\/li><li>Major focus on type safety, concurrency and memory safety<\/li><li>Only valid references allowed for memory except few other scenarios<\/li><li>Object lifecycle &amp; variable scope checking at compile time itself unlike many languages that do this at runtime<\/li><li>Strongly and statically typed<\/li><li>Generics<\/li><li>Ownership &amp; lifetimes concept introduced over objects<\/li><li>Features of functional programming<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scala:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Functional &amp; object oriented features<\/li><li>Many functional features are implemented: No difference between statement &amp; expressions, Lazy evaluation, Currying and Type inference<\/li><li>Strong &amp; statically typed<\/li><li>Options to compile &amp; run on JVM or as JavaScript or as native code<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C#:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Multi paradigm<\/li><li>Static &amp; strong typing<\/li><li>Functional, generic, object &amp; component oriented features<\/li><li>Common Language Infrastructure standard driven which helps to get Common Intermediate Language for runtime<\/li><li>Metaprogramming concept is used<\/li><li>Garbage collector &amp; detailed memory management techniques exist<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_programming_languages<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%2B%2B<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Java_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Python_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rust_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scala_(programming_language)<\/li><li>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C_Sharp_(programming_language)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Email me at Neil@HarwaniSystems.in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Part 1 of a series on comparison between programming languages: C, C++, Java, Python, R, Rust, Scala &amp; C# compiled [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":960,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[77,233],"tags":[235,234],"class_list":["post-959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-programming","category-programming-languages","tag-comparison","tag-programming-languages"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ProgrammingLanguages.png?fit=1280%2C789&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7do02-ft","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":944,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2022\/08\/java-ecosystem-observations-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":0},"title":"Java ecosystem observations &#8211; 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This is part 1 of the series. This acts as a mini caselet to understand how a successful ecosystem related to an application programming language has evolved over decades. Origins: Bytecode,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Java&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Java","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/java\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Volcano.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Volcano.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Volcano.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Volcano.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Volcano.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":345,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2018\/09\/learning-r-programming-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":1},"title":"Learning R Programming &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"September 1, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"As per Glassdoor Top 5 skills in Data Science for job openings are: Python R SQL Hadoop Java Most Java developers know SQL, Hadoop & Java to a good extent in today's environment, two important skills Python & R should be learned by the Java developer \/ architect \/ manager\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Programming&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Programming","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/programming\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Programming.jpg?fit=1200%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Programming.jpg?fit=1200%2C784&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Programming.jpg?fit=1200%2C784&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Programming.jpg?fit=1200%2C784&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Programming.jpg?fit=1200%2C784&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":117,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2017\/10\/trends-in-software\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":2},"title":"Technology trends in software industry","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"October 11, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Angular - Front end user interface framework and much more React - Interactive way of programming React Native - New mobile app framework BlockChain - Distributed non modifiable database of BitCoin which is being used majorly in BFSI Spark - Cluster computing framework ChatBots - Intelligent conversational messengers IoT -\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Trends&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Trends","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/trends\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Trends.png?fit=1019%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Trends.png?fit=1019%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Trends.png?fit=1019%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Trends.png?fit=1019%2C720&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1169,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2023\/11\/common-programming-mistakes-in-liferay-gpt-generated\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":3},"title":"Common programming mistakes in Liferay &#8211; GPT generated","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"November 20, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Generated using my GPT:\u00a0https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/g\/g-uOPo2Wffl-liferay-helper-works-on-open-internet Common programming mistakes in Liferay often stem from overlooking best practices in both Liferay-specific and general Java development. Some of these mistakes include: 1.\u00a0Ignoring Liferay's MVC Framework: Developers sometimes bypass Liferay's built-in MVC framework for portlets, which can lead to more complex code and maintenance issues.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Liferay&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Liferay","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/liferay\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Mistake.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Mistake.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Mistake.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Mistake.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Mistake.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":179,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2018\/05\/skills-required-for-working-as-a-solution-architect\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":4},"title":"Skills required for working as a Solution Architect","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"May 26, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"High level Architecture understanding about Clustering of Databases \/ Applications Servers \/ Operating Systems, Enterprise Architecture, Non Functional Requirements, Integrations, Various Enterprise Software Products & Frameworks Concepts of Virtualization and Cloud platforms like AWS, Azure & Google Cloud Integration - Tools, Frameworks & Products that can be used like ESB,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Architecture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Architecture","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/architecture\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SA.jpg?fit=1080%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SA.jpg?fit=1080%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SA.jpg?fit=1080%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SA.jpg?fit=1080%2C720&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SA.jpg?fit=1080%2C720&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":417,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2019\/02\/what-should-be-the-subjects-course-structure-for-teaching-data-analytics-data-science-in-mba\/","url_meta":{"origin":959,"position":5},"title":"What should be the subjects &#038; course structure for teaching Data Analytics \/ Data Science in MBA?","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"February 12, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Data Science & Analytics including Operations \/ Decision Science are evolving fields which are in demand currently for various reasons. 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