{"id":698,"date":"2021-03-19T15:58:09","date_gmt":"2021-03-19T10:28:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/?p=698"},"modified":"2025-10-22T14:54:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T09:24:59","slug":"four-waves-of-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2021\/03\/four-waves-of-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Four waves of Artificial Intelligence &#038; Machine Learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>While teaching students in two different courses (AIML &amp; &#8220;Data Science and Analysis&#8221;), there was a requirement to categorize historical AI &amp; ML along with it&#8217;s interface with Data Science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To start: AI is the superset, ML is a subset of AI, Neural Networks (Deep Learning) are specialized subsets of ML.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a categorization of AIML across four waves and it&#8217;s interface with Data Science:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wave 1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concepts: Traditional topics like state space search, heuristics, knowledge representation, expert systems, fuzzy logic, problem solving languages and such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UseCases: Think a small basic robot moving through your home and taking decisions on avoiding obstacles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wave 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concepts: Standard algorithms built on top of Regression, Statistics, Algebra, Probability, Calculus and such &#8211; Classification, Decision Trees, Association Mining, Clustering, Ensemble methods, Random Forest, SVM and so on. NLP, Computer vision, scanning solutions, advanced search and such areas also evolved here in parallel or with the help of these algorithms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UseCases: Spam detection, Decision making, Co-related variables related predictions, Prescriptive Analytics and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wave 3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concepts: Replicating human \/ animal brain. Neural Networks. Storing and managing very large amount of data (structured &amp; un-structured)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UseCases: BigData, Self driving cars, Image recognition, Complex reasoning, Medical diagnosis, Chat bots, Personal assistants, potentially unlimited usecases interfacing with all usecases across AIML &amp; Data Science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wave 4:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concepts &amp; UseCases: Explanability, Interpretability &#8211; Understanding the complexity of artificial intelligence &amp; machine learning models. UI &amp; Low code driven AIML (Neural Networks), one shot learning, hardware optimized AIML. Deep Learning. BERT and newer context driven algorithms also are in this area, Natural Language Generation is another area here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where does Data Science interface with AIML:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Non structured data analysis<\/li><li>Natural language generation<\/li><li>Sentiment analysis<\/li><li>Use of standard algorithms to analyse structured data<\/li><li>Building insights &amp; making predictions \/ prescriptions and so on<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Email me: Neil@TechAndTrain.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>While teaching students in two different courses (AIML &amp; &#8220;Data Science and Analysis&#8221;), there was a requirement to categorize historical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":700,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[72,82],"tags":[117,172,74],"class_list":["post-698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analytics","category-data-science","tag-aiml","tag-aimlwaves","tag-data-science"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/LighBulb.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7do02-bg","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1074,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2023\/05\/short-list-of-good-courses-links-books-on-mathematics-operating-systems-and-aiml-chatgpt-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":0},"title":"Short list of good courses \/ links \/ books on Mathematics, Operating Systems and AIML \/ ChatGPT &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"May 21, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Here is a short list of good courses \/ links \/ books on Mathematics, Operating Systems and AIML \/ ChatGPT - Part 1: Machine Learning Foundations: Linear Algebra Online Class | LinkedIn Learning, formerly Lynda.com Programming Foundations: Numerical Mathematics and Calculations Online Class | LinkedIn Learning, formerly Lynda.com Machine Learning\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/geometry-g69584ea1e_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C790&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/geometry-g69584ea1e_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C790&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/geometry-g69584ea1e_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C790&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/geometry-g69584ea1e_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C790&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/geometry-g69584ea1e_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C790&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":557,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2020\/02\/what-are-we-doing-in-ai-ml-data-science-decision-science-analytics-world-glossary\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":1},"title":"What are we doing in AI \/ ML \/ Data Science \/ Decision Science \/ Analytics World? &#8211; 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I have collected many keywords that you can google and explore. This will help you to keep\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Analytics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Analytics","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/analytics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mathematics.jpg?fit=960%2C490&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mathematics.jpg?fit=960%2C490&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mathematics.jpg?fit=960%2C490&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Mathematics.jpg?fit=960%2C490&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1080,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2023\/06\/liferay-aiml-generative-ai-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":2},"title":"Liferay &amp; AIML \/ Generative AI &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"June 16, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"What all is possible with Liferay & AIML \/ Generative AI? - Part 1. Liferay being open source we can integrate GAI \/ AIML with Liferay for: Generating content & images in web content section Generating automated blogs, tags, categories and UIUX flows Assistant which could redirect us to relevant\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/binary-1536646_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/binary-1536646_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/binary-1536646_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/binary-1536646_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/binary-1536646_1920.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1541,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/04\/dimensions-for-artificial-intelligence-genai-llms-deep-learning-neural-networks-data-science-to-ponder-on-part-1-assisted-by-ai-chatgpt\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":3},"title":"Dimensions for Artificial Intelligence \/ GenAI \/ LLMs \/ Deep Learning \/ Neural Networks \/ Data Science to ponder on &#8211; Part 1-Assisted by AI &#8211; ChatGPT","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"April 17, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"\ud83e\udde0 1. Model Performance & Quality Beyond accuracy: Precision \/ Recall \/ F1-score ROC-AUC Calibration (probability correctness) Generalization ability Robustness (noise, adversarial inputs) Stability (variance across runs) Overfitting \/ Underfitting control Latency (response time) Throughput (requests per second) \u2696\ufe0f 2. Responsible AI \/ Ethics Along with fairness, bias, explainability, interpretability:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Image credit: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1288,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2024\/08\/learnings-from-emasters-data-science-for-decision-making-iit-gandhinagar-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":4},"title":"Learnings from eMasters Data Science for Decision Making &#8211; IIT Gandhinagar &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"August 11, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Below are the learnings from eMasters Data Science for Decision Making - IIT Gandhinagar - Part 1. This needs to be an article in itself. You can find more details here about eDSDM here: e-Masters | IITGNX There is Mathematics for your AIML problem in feature engineering, preprocessing, evaluation metrics,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Analytics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Analytics","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/analytics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/DataScience.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/DataScience.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/DataScience.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/DataScience.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/DataScience.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":573,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2020\/02\/data-analysis-process-in-analytics-data-science\/","url_meta":{"origin":698,"position":5},"title":"Data Analysis Process in Analytics \/ Data Science","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"February 19, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"This article is based on understanding from Wikipedia article on Data Analysis & my experiences in Data Science \/ Analytics \/ AI \/ ML -\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_analysis Various areas like\u00a0Data Mining, Predictive Analysis, Exploratory Data Analysis, Text Analytics, Business Intelligence, Confirmatory Data Analysis and Data Visualization\u00a0overlap with this area Before starting your\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Analytics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Analytics","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/analytics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geometry.jpg?fit=960%2C538&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geometry.jpg?fit=960%2C538&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geometry.jpg?fit=960%2C538&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geometry.jpg?fit=960%2C538&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=698"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":707,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/698\/revisions\/707"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}