{"id":1594,"date":"2026-06-26T02:59:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T21:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/?p=1594"},"modified":"2026-06-26T02:59:51","modified_gmt":"2026-06-25T21:29:51","slug":"from-transformers-to-ai-agents-practical-roadmap-to-modern-large-language-models-llms-faculty-development-program-at-rashtriya-raksha-university","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/06\/from-transformers-to-ai-agents-practical-roadmap-to-modern-large-language-models-llms-faculty-development-program-at-rashtriya-raksha-university\/","title":{"rendered":"From Transformers to AI Agents: Practical Roadmap to Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) &#8211; Faculty Development Program at Rashtriya Raksha University"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From Transformers to AI Agents: Practical Roadmap to Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) &#8211; Notes from Faculty Development Program \/ Short Term Training Program (Generative AI &#8211; From Foundations to Frontiers) that I attended at <a href=\"https:\/\/rru.ac.in\/\">Rashtriya Raksha University<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.licdn.com\/dms\/image\/v2\/D5612AQF56Uaw71RXKQ\/article-inline_image-shrink_1500_2232\/B56Z79SQknKgAQ-\/0\/1782365883274?e=1784160000&amp;v=beta&amp;t=hbJkeLnMfzyMu-AF76aNfsmSFWkjdOSu0KYENRZeteg\" alt=\"Article content\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.licdn.com\/dms\/image\/v2\/D4D12AQHtrBGgrF9vQQ\/article-inline_image-shrink_1000_1488\/B4DZ8Anp55K0AI-\/0\/1782421824541?e=1784160000&amp;v=beta&amp;t=h-UcEMm5Djphv58RpJxTnXQeA5jIYjUt75h-QEv1sDo\" alt=\"Article content\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Artificial Intelligence is evolving rapidly. What began with language prediction has now expanded into multimodal reasoning, autonomous agents, and enterprise AI systems. Understanding the complete ecosystem\u2014not just ChatGPT\u2014is becoming an essential skill for engineers, researchers, architects, and business leaders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. LLM Internals \u2013 How an LLM Actually Works<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Data collection \u2192 cleaning \u2192 tokenization<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Tokens converted into embeddings (dense vectors)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Positional encoding preserves sequence information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Transformer architecture using:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Next-token prediction using Softmax probabilities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Training via gradient descent and backpropagation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Inference through autoregressive generation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> LLMs do not memorize sentences\u2014they learn statistical relationships among billions of tokens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Mathematics Behind LLMs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern LLMs combine mathematics from multiple disciplines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Linear Algebra (vectors, matrices, tensors)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Calculus (gradients, derivatives)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Probability &amp; Statistics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Information Theory (Entropy, Cross-Entropy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Optimization (Gradient Descent, Adam)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Graph Theory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Numerical Computing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">High-dimensional Geometry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Core mathematical concepts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Embeddings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Attention mechanism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Softmax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Loss functions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Cosine similarity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Matrix multiplication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Eigenvectors &amp; Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mathematics remains the foundation behind every AI model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Multimodal LLMs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today&#8217;s AI models understand much more than text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Text<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Images<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Audio<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Video<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Documents (PDFs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Tables<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Source code<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Structured enterprise data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applications include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Medical diagnostics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Autonomous vehicles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Satellite &amp; GeoAI<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Robotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Scientific research<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Digital assistants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Fine-Tuning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organizations often adapt foundation models to their specific domains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Popular approaches include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Full Fine-Tuning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">LoRA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">QLoRA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Instruction Tuning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Preference Optimization (e.g., DPO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fine-tuning helps models learn organizational knowledge, terminology, and task-specific behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Enterprise Applications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LLMs are transforming almost every industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Customer support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Knowledge management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Software development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Healthcare<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Finance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Manufacturing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Legal document analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Cybersecurity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Scientific discovery<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Government services<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Geospatial intelligence (GeoAI)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead of relying only on training knowledge, RAG retrieves relevant information before generating a response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical pipeline: Documents \u2192 Chunking \u2192 Embeddings \u2192 Vector Database \u2192 Retrieval \u2192 Prompt Construction \u2192 LLM \u2192 Answer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">More accurate responses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Reduced hallucinations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Access to current enterprise knowledge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Better explainability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Common RAG Patterns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern RAG systems use increasingly sophisticated architectures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Na\u00efve RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Semantic Search RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Hybrid Search (Keyword + Vector)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Parent\u2013Child Retrieval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Multi-Vector Retrieval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Graph RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Knowledge Graph RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Agentic RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Corrective RAG (CRAG)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Self-RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Multi-hop RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Hierarchical RAG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Multimodal RAG<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trend is shifting from &#8220;search then answer&#8221; to intelligent reasoning over enterprise knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. AI Agents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike traditional chatbots, AI agents can plan, reason, and execute tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agent capabilities include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Planning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Tool usage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Multi-step reasoning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Memory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Reflection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Self-correction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Collaboration with other agents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common frameworks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">LangGraph<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">CrewAI<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">AutoGen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Semantic Kernel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">OpenAI Agents SDK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agents are moving AI from conversation to autonomous execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Model Context Protocol (MCP)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MCP is emerging as a standardized way for AI models to interact with external systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It enables models to securely connect with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Databases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">APIs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Git repositories<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Local files<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Enterprise applications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Business workflows<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Development tools<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think of MCP as a &#8220;USB-C for AI,&#8221; providing a common interface between models and tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Ethics &amp; Responsible AI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI capabilities expand, responsible development becomes increasingly important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key principles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Fairness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Transparency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Explainability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Privacy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Security<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Bias mitigation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Human oversight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Accountability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Regulatory compliance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Sustainability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Responsible AI is not optional\u2014it is fundamental to building trustworthy systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Thoughts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The future of AI lies at the intersection of <strong>Transformers, Mathematics, Multimodal Intelligence, Fine-Tuning, RAG, AI Agents, MCP, and Responsible AI<\/strong>. Professionals who understand these interconnected concepts will be well-positioned to design the next generation of intelligent systems that are accurate, scalable, secure, and impactful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The next wave of AI is not just about larger models\u2014it is about smarter architectures, richer context, reliable reasoning, and responsible deployment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is a curated list of technical keywords from the topics in this FDP &amp; Article:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">LLM Internals &amp; Mathematics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Self-Attention Mechanism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Transformer Architecture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Positional Encoding (e.g., RoPE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Softmax Function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Gradient Descent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Cross-Entropy Loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Backpropagation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Backprop-through-time (BPTT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Layer Normalization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Multi-Modal LLMs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Cross-Attention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Contrastive Learning (e.g., CLIP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Modality Alignment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Vector Quantization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fine-Tuning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Quantized LoRA (QLoRA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Applications &amp; RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) Patterns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Vector Embeddings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Cosine Similarity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Dense Retrieval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Hybrid Search (Lexical + Semantic)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Re-ranking Models (Cross-Encoders)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Context Window Constraints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Query Transformation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Agents &amp; MCP (Model Context Protocol)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">ReAct Framework (Reasoning and Acting)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Tool Calling \/ Function Calling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Autonomous Agents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Chain-of-Thought (CoT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Model Context Protocol (MCP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">State Machine Routing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ethics in AI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Algorithmic Bias<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Differential Privacy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Alignment Problem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Data Provenance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Hallucination Mitigation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Toxicity Scoring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thank you to all the speakers and staff at RRU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/dr-ravi-sheth-5068b083\/\">Dr. Ravi Sheth | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rru-sitaics\/\">School of Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security (SITAICS): Overview | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/gujarat-council-on-science-and-technology-gujcost-86a8813a6\/\">Gujarat Council on Science and Technology (GUJCOST) | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/gog-india\/\">Government of Gujarat: Overview | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/peoples-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-\/\">Rashtriya Raksha University: Overview | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/ankitakapadia\/\">Ankita Kapadia | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/ankush-chander\/\">Ankush Chander | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sandip-modha-93a9b51b\/\">Sandip Modha | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/bhaveshiima\/\">Bhavesh Patel | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/dr-nikunj-tahilramani-49193015b\/\">Dr. Nikunj Tahilramani | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/pragneshnprajapati\/\">Pragnesh Prajapati | LinkedIn<\/a> Nirali Khoda | LinkedIn <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/rajesh-gupta-b5371667\/\">Rajesh Gupta | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mayur-makwana-6832315b\/\">Mayur Makwana | LinkedIn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/dr-chandresh-parekh-617b3853\/\">Dr. Chandresh Parekh | LinkedIn<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">#ArtificialIntelligence #GenerativeAI #LLM #MachineLearning #DataScience #RAG #AIAgents #MCP #ResponsibleAI #GeoAI #DeepLearning #Research #HigherEducation #EnterpriseAI #FutureOfWork<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concept Credit: Neil Harwani (Article) &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/rru.ac.in\/\">Rashtriya Raksha University<\/a> (FDP \/ Short term course)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Creation Help: ChatGPT, XMind and Gemini<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udce2 Stay informed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Website: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.harwanisystems.in\/\">www.HarwaniSystems.in<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Blog: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\">www.TechAndTrain.com\/blog<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">LinkedIn: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/neil27\/\">Neil Harwani | LinkedIn<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Email me: <a href=\"mailto:Neil@HarwaniSytems.in\">Neil@HarwaniSytems.in<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From Transformers to AI Agents: Practical Roadmap to Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) &#8211; Notes from Faculty Development Program \/ Short Term Training Program (Generative AI &#8211; From Foundations to Frontiers) that I attended at Rashtriya Raksha University Artificial Intelligence is evolving rapidly. What began with language prediction has now expanded into multimodal reasoning, autonomous &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/06\/from-transformers-to-ai-agents-practical-roadmap-to-modern-large-language-models-llms-faculty-development-program-at-rashtriya-raksha-university\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">From Transformers to AI Agents: Practical Roadmap to Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) &#8211; Faculty Development Program at Rashtriya Raksha University<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1597,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[271],"tags":[503,450,447,462,455,504,448,493,496,415,451,502,501,495,452],"class_list":["post-1594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-generative-ai","tag-aiagents","tag-artificialintelligence","tag-datascience","tag-deeplearning","tag-enterpriseai","tag-futureofwork","tag-generativeai","tag-geoai","tag-highereducation","tag-llm","tag-machinelearning","tag-mcp","tag-rag","tag-research","tag-responsibleai"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Neil_RRU-2.jpg?fit=1612%2C1209&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7do02-pI","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1146,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2023\/10\/keywords-glossary-for-generative-ai-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":0},"title":"Keywords (Glossary) for Generative AI &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"October 14, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Here are some important keywords in the ecosystem of Generative AI - Part 1: Transformers Natural language prompts Large language models ChatGPT Bing Chat Bard LLaMA Stable Diffusion Midjourney DALL-E GPT LAMDA BLOOM GitHub Co-pilot NVidia AMD PaLM DeepFakes OpenAI Bias Hallucination References: Generative artificial intelligence - Wikipedia Generative AI\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Generative AI&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Generative AI","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/generative-ai\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AI.png?fit=1200%2C821&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AI.png?fit=1200%2C821&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AI.png?fit=1200%2C821&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AI.png?fit=1200%2C821&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AI.png?fit=1200%2C821&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1578,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/06\/the-lifelong-learners-resource-guide-30-platforms-for-ai-data-science-geoai-engineering-research-executive-education-2026-update\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":1},"title":"The Lifelong Learner&#8217;s Resource Guide: 30+ Platforms for AI, Data Science, GeoAI, Engineering, Research &amp; Executive Education \u2013 2026 Update","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"June 15, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"The Lifelong Learner's Resource Guide: 30+ High-Quality Platforms for Engineering, AI, GeoAI, Research and Management Learning Has Never Been More Accessible Over the past two decades working across consulting, products, services, research, architecture, artificial intelligence, data science, and now exploring GeoAI, one observation has remained constant: The most successful professionals\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Academics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Academics","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/academics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Image credit: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/OnlineLearning.jpg?fit=853%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/OnlineLearning.jpg?fit=853%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/OnlineLearning.jpg?fit=853%2C480&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/OnlineLearning.jpg?fit=853%2C480&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1383,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2024\/11\/how-can-portals-commerce-have-intelligence-via-llms-gai-chatgpt-gemini-etc-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":2},"title":"How can portals &amp; commerce have intelligence via LLMs\/GAI\/ChatGPT\/Gemini\/etc. &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"November 26, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Here is my solution template for having intelligence from AI\/GAI\/LLMs in Portals & Commerce - Part 1: Assumptions: Java\/PHP\/Dot Net\/SharePoint\/Liferay\/WordPress\/Drupal type of a portal and \/ or commerce Just like we have HTML - HEAD \/ BODY \/ FOOTER \/ HEADER \/ META TAGS \/ BACKEND LOGIC in Java \/\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Credits: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/web.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/web.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/web.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/web.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/web.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1417,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2025\/02\/notes-on-metadata-of-llms-gai-ai-to-tie-accountability-liability-and-more-in-legal-terms-plus-study-its-evolution-and-analyze-part-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":3},"title":"Notes on metadata of LLMs\/GAI\/AI to tie accountability, liability and more in legal terms plus study it&#8217;s evolution and analyze &#8211; Part 1","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"February 15, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Following up on my thoughts here: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/activity-7296196592175321089-jk1B - I asked ChatGPT on metadata to achieve my goals as in the post. Here are it's inputs. My focus is on legal accountability and evolution along with visualization \/ analysis of this meta-data. Some notes on metadata for AI\/GAI\/LLM and it's legal\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Image credit: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LLMs.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LLMs.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LLMs.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LLMs.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LLMs.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1541,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/04\/dimensions-for-artificial-intelligence-genai-llms-deep-learning-neural-networks-data-science-to-ponder-on-part-1-assisted-by-ai-chatgpt\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":4},"title":"Dimensions for Artificial Intelligence \/ GenAI \/ LLMs \/ Deep Learning \/ Neural Networks \/ Data Science to ponder on &#8211; Part 1-Assisted by AI &#8211; ChatGPT","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"April 17, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"\ud83e\udde0 1. Model Performance & Quality Beyond accuracy: Precision \/ Recall \/ F1-score ROC-AUC Calibration (probability correctness) Generalization ability Robustness (noise, adversarial inputs) Stability (variance across runs) Overfitting \/ Underfitting control Latency (response time) Throughput (requests per second) \u2696\ufe0f 2. Responsible AI \/ Ethics Along with fairness, bias, explainability, interpretability:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;AIML&quot;","block_context":{"text":"AIML","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/aiml\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Image credit: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Dimensions.jpg?fit=640%2C360&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1532,"url":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/2026\/04\/keywords-notes-from-executive-masters-in-data-science-for-decision-making-at-iit-gandhinagar-part-1-assisted-by-chatgpt\/","url_meta":{"origin":1594,"position":5},"title":"Keywords &amp; Notes from Executive Masters in Data Science for Decision Making at IIT Gandhinagar &#8211; Part 1 &#8211; Assisted by ChatGPT","author":"Neil Harwani","date":"April 11, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Here are 20 high-quality keywords for each category, structured for learning, research, and practical application: 1. Advanced Probability & Statistics Bayesian Inference Markov Chains Stochastic Processes Central Limit Theorem Hypothesis Testing Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) Bayesian Networks Copulas Multivariate Distributions Monte Carlo Simulation Gibbs Sampling Hidden Markov Models (HMM) Variational\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Academics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Academics","link":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/category\/academics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Image credit: www.Pixabay.com","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DS-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DS-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DS-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DS-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/DS-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1594"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1598,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1594\/revisions\/1598"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1597"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.techandtrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}